真空概念及真空计算公式Vacuum Concepts and Vacuum Calculation Formulas
真空概念和真空计算公式【关键词】真空定义、真空计算、真空概念、真空计算公式
Keywords: Vacuum definition, Vacuum calculation, Vacuum concepts, Vacuum calculation formulas
关键词 :真空定义、真空计算、真空概念、真空计算公式
1、真空的定义
真空系统指低于该地区大气压的稀薄气体状态 Definition of Vacuum
真空的定义
A vacuum system refers to a rarefied gas state below the local atmospheric pressure.
真空系统是指低于当地大气压的稀薄气体状态。
2、真空度
处于真空状态下的气体稀薄程度,通常用“真空度高”和“真空度低”来表示。真空度高表示真空度“好”的意思,真空度低表示真空度“差”的意思。 Vacuum Degree
真空度
The degree of rarefaction of gas in a vacuum state, usually expressed as "high vacuum degree" or "low vacuum degree." High vacuum degree means "good" vacuum, while low vacuum degree means "poor" vacuum.
真空状态下气体的稀疏程度,通常用“高真空度”或“低真空度”表示。高真空度意味着“良好的”真空,而低真空度意味着“较差的”真空。
3、真空度单位
通常用托(Torr)为单位,近年国际上取用帕(Pa)作为单位。
1托=1/760大气压=1毫米汞柱 Units of Vacuum Degree
真空度单位
Usually expressed in Torr, but in recent years, Pascal (Pa) is internationally adopted as the unit.
通常以托(Torr)表示,但近年来,帕斯卡(Pa)已被国际公认为该单位。
1 Torr = 1/760 atm = 1 mmHg
1托 = 1/760大气压 = 1毫米汞柱
4、托与帕的转换
1托=133.322帕 或 1帕=7.5×10^{-3}托 Conversion Between Torr and Pa
托和帕之间的转换
1 Torr = 133.322 Pa or 1 Pa = 7.5 × 10^{-3} Torr
1 Torr = 133.322 Pa 或 1 Pa = 7.5 × 10⁻³ Torr
5、平均自由程
作无规则热运动的气体粒子,相继两次碰撞所飞越的平均距离,用符号“λ”表示。 Mean Free Path
平均自由程
The average distance traveled by gas particles in random thermal motion between successive collisions, denoted by the symbol "λ".
气体粒子在随机热运动中,在连续碰撞之间行进的平均距离,用符号“λ”表示。
6、流量
单位时间流过任意截面的气体量,符号用“Q”表示,单位为帕·升/秒(Pa·L/s)或托·升/秒(Torr·L/s)。 Flow Rate
流速
The amount of gas flowing through any cross-section per unit time, denoted by "Q", with units Pa·L/s or Torr·L/s.
单位时间内流过任何横截面的气体量,用“Q”表示,单位为 Pa·L/s 或 Torr·L/s。
7、流导
表示真空管道通过气体的能力。单位为升/秒(L/s),在稳定状态下,管道流导等于管道流量除以管道两端压强差。
符号记作“U”。 U=Q/(P2- P1) Conductance
电导
Indicates the ability of a vacuum pipeline to pass gas. Unit: L/s. In steady state, pipeline conductance equals flow rate divided by pressure difference at both ends.
表示真空管道输送气体的能力。单位:升/秒 (L/s)。在稳态下,管道导通率等于流量除以两端压差。
Denoted as "U". U = Q / (P2 - P1)
记为“U”。U = Q / (P2 - P1)
8、压力或压强
气体分子作用于容器壁的单位面积上的力,用“P”表示。 Pressure
压力
The force exerted by gas molecules per unit area on the container wall, denoted by "P".
气体分子对容器壁单位面积施加的力,用“P”表示。
9、标准大气压
压强为每平方厘米101325达因的气压,符号:(Atm)。 Standard Atmospheric Pressure
标准大气压
Pressure of 101325 dynes per square centimeter, symbol: (Atm).
每平方厘米 101325 达因的压力,符号:(大气压)。
10、极限真空
真空容器经充分抽气后,稳定在某一真空度,此真空度称为极限真空。通常真空容器须经12小时炼气,再经12小时抽真空,最后一个小时每隔10分钟测量一次,取其10次的平均值为极限真空值。 Ultimate Vacuum
终极真空
After sufficient pumping, the vacuum container stabilizes at a certain vacuum degree, which is called the ultimate vacuum. Usually, the vacuum container undergoes 12 hours of degassing, followed by 12 hours of pumping, and in the last hour, measurements are taken every 10 minutes; the average of these 10 measurements is the ultimate vacuum value.
经过充分抽真空后,真空容器的真空度会稳定在某一特定水平,称为极限真空度。通常,真空容器先进行12小时的脱气处理,再进行12小时的抽真空处理,在最后一小时,每隔10分钟进行一次测量;这10次测量的平均值即为极限真空度。
11、抽气速率
在一定的压强和温度下,单位时间内由泵进气口处抽走的气体称为抽气速率,简称抽速。即Sp=Q/(P-P0) Pumping Speed
泵送速度
At a certain pressure and temperature, the volume of gas removed per unit time from the pump inlet is called the pumping speed, abbreviated as Sp. Sp = Q / (P - P0)
在一定的压力和温度下,单位时间内从泵入口抽出的气体体积称为泵速,简写为 Sp。Sp = Q / (P - P0)
12、热偶真空计
利用热电偶的电势与加热元件的温度有关,元件的温度又与气体的热传导有关的原理来测量真空度的真空计。 Thermocouple Vacuum Gauge
热电偶真空计
A vacuum gauge that measures vacuum degree based on the principle that the thermocouple potential is related to the temperature of the heating element, which in turn is related to the thermal conduction of the gas.
真空计是一种测量真空度的仪器,其原理是热电偶电位与加热元件的温度相关,而加热元件的温度又与气体的热传导相关。
13、电离真空计(又称热阴极电离计)
由筒状收集极,栅网和位于栅网中心的灯丝构成,筒状收集极在栅网外面。热阴极发射电子电离气体分子,离子被收集极收集,根据收集的离子流大小来测量气体压强的真空计。 Ionization Vacuum Gauge (also known as Hot Cathode Ionization Gauge)
电离真空计(又称热阴极电离计)
Composed of a cylindrical collector, grid, and filament at the grid center, with the cylindrical collector outside the grid. The hot cathode emits electrons to ionize gas molecules; ions are collected by the collector, and gas pressure is measured based on the ion current.
它由圆柱形收集器、栅极和位于栅极中心的灯丝组成,圆柱形收集器位于栅极外侧。高温阴极发射电子使气体分子电离;离子被收集器收集,并根据离子电流测量气体压力。
14、复合真空计
由热偶真空计与热阴极电离真空计组成,测量范围从大气~10^{-5}Pa。 Composite Vacuum Gauge
复合真空计
Composed of a thermocouple gauge and a hot cathode ionization gauge, with measurement range from atmosphere to ~10^{-5} Pa.
由热电偶压力计和热阴极电离压力计组成,测量范围从大气压到~10^{-5} Pa。
15、冷阴极电离计
阳极筒的两端有一对阴极板,在外加磁场作用,阳极筒内形成潘宁放电产生离子,根据阴极板收集的离子流的大小来测定气体压强的真空计。 Cold Cathode Ionization Gauge
冷阴极电离计
Has a pair of cathode plates at both ends of the anode cylinder; under an external magnetic field, Penning discharge occurs inside the anode cylinder to produce ions, and gas pressure is measured based on the ion current collected by the cathode plates.
阳极圆柱体的两端各有一对阴极板;在外部磁场的作用下,阳极圆柱体内部发生彭宁放电产生离子,并根据阴极板收集的离子电流来测量气体压力。
16、电阻真空计
利用加热元件的电阻与温度有关,元件的温度又与气体传导有关的原理,通过电桥电路来测量真空度的真空计。 Resistance Vacuum Gauge
电阻真空计
Utilizes the principle that the resistance of the heating element is related to temperature, which is related to gas conduction, and measures vacuum degree via a bridge circuit.
利用加热元件的电阻与温度相关,而温度又与气体传导相关这一原理,通过桥式电路测量真空度。
17、麦克劳真空计(压缩式真空计)
将待测的气体用汞(或油)压缩到一极小体积,然后比较开管和闭管的液柱差,利用玻义尔定律直接算出气体压强的一种绝对真空计。 McLeod Vacuum Gauge (Compression Vacuum Gauge)
麦克劳德真空表(压缩真空表)
Compresses the gas to be measured with mercury (or oil) to a very small volume, then compares the liquid column difference between open and closed tubes, and directly calculates gas pressure using Boyle's law; an absolute vacuum gauge.
用汞(或油)将待测气体压缩到非常小的体积,然后比较开口管和闭口管之间的液柱差,并利用玻意耳定律直接计算气体压力;绝对真空计。
18、B-A规
这是一种阴极与收集极倒置的热阴极电离规。收集极是一根细丝,放在栅网中心,灯丝放在栅网外面,因而减少软X射线影响,延伸测量下限,可测超高真空。 Bayard-Alpert Gauge (B-A Gauge)
贝亚德-阿尔珀特轨距(BA 轨距)
A hot cathode ionization gauge with inverted cathode and collector. The collector is a thin wire at the grid center, and the filament is outside the grid, reducing soft X-ray effects, extending the lower measurement limit, and capable of measuring ultra-high vacuum.
一种采用反向阴极和收集器的热阴极电离规。收集器是位于栅极中心的一根细导线,灯丝位于栅极外部,从而减少了软 X 射线的影响,提高了测量下限,并能够测量超高真空。
19、水环真空泵
泵的叶轮转子旋转而产生水环。由于转子偏心旋转而使水环与叶片间容积发生周期性改变而进行抽气的机械真空泵。 Water Ring Vacuum Pump
水环真空泵
A mechanical vacuum pump where the impeller rotor rotates to form a water ring. Due to eccentric rotation of the rotor, the volume between the water ring and blades changes periodically to perform pumping.
机械真空泵中,叶轮转子旋转形成水环。由于转子偏心旋转,水环与叶片之间的容积周期性变化,从而实现抽真空。
20、往复真空泵
利用活塞的往复运动而进行抽气的机械真空泵。 Reciprocating Vacuum Pump
往复式真空泵
A mechanical vacuum pump that uses reciprocating piston motion for pumping.
一种利用活塞往复运动进行抽气的机械真空泵。
21、油封机械真空泵
用油来保持密封的机械真空泵,可分为定片式、旋片式、滑阀式、余摆线式等。 Oil-Sealed Mechanical Vacuum Pump
油封式机械真空泵
A mechanical vacuum pump that uses oil for sealing, including fixed vane, rotary vane, slide valve, and trochoid types.
一种使用油进行密封的机械真空泵,包括固定叶片式、旋转叶片式、滑阀式和摆线式。
22、罗茨真空泵
具有一对同步高速旋转的鞋底形转子的机械真空泵,此泵不可以单独抽气,前级需配油封、水环等可直排大气的真空泵。 Roots Vacuum Pump
罗茨真空泵
A mechanical vacuum pump with a pair of synchronously high-speed rotating sole-shaped rotors. This pump cannot be used alone for pumping; it requires a forepump such as oil-sealed or water ring pump that can exhaust to atmosphere.
这是一种机械真空泵,它由一对同步高速旋转的底座形转子组成。这种泵不能单独使用,需要配合前级泵(例如油封泵或水环泵)才能将废气排放到大气中。
23、涡轮分子真空泵
有一高速旋转的叶轮,当气体分子与高速旋转的涡轮叶片相碰撞时就被驱向出气口再由前级泵抽除。 Turbomolecular Vacuum Pump
涡轮分子真空泵
Has a high-speed rotating impeller; when gas molecules collide with the high-speed rotating turbine blades, they are driven toward the exhaust port and then removed by the forepump.
它具有高速旋转的叶轮;当气体分子与高速旋转的涡轮叶片碰撞时,它们会被驱动到排气口,然后由前泵排出。
24、油扩散真空泵
扩散泵喷口中喷出高速蒸汽流。在分子流条件下,气体分子不断地向蒸流中扩散,并被蒸汽带向泵出口处逐级被压缩后再由前级泵排除 Oil Diffusion Vacuum Pump
油扩散真空泵
High-speed vapor jet is ejected from the diffusion pump nozzle. Under molecular flow conditions, gas molecules continuously diffuse into the vapor stream, are carried to the pump outlet, gradually compressed, and then exhausted by the forepump.
高速蒸汽射流从扩散泵喷嘴喷出。在分子流条件下,气体分子不断扩散到蒸汽流中,被带到泵出口,逐渐被压缩,然后由前泵排出。
25、低温真空泵
利用20K以下的低温表面凝聚吸附气体的真空泵。 Cryogenic Vacuum Pump
低温真空泵
A vacuum pump that uses cryogenic surfaces below 20K to condense and adsorb gases.
一种利用低于 20K 的低温表面来冷凝和吸附气体的真空泵。
26、冷阱(水冷挡板)
置于真空容器和泵之间,用于吸附气体或捕集油蒸汽的装置。 Cold Trap (Water-Cooled Baffle)
冷阱(水冷挡板)
A device placed between the vacuum container and pump to adsorb gases or trap oil vapor.
一种放置在真空容器和泵之间的装置,用于吸附气体或捕获油蒸气。
27、气镇阀
油封机械真空泵的压缩室上开一小孔,并装上调节阀,当打开阀并调节入气量,转子转到某一位置,空气就通过此孔掺入压缩室以降低压缩比,从而使大部分蒸汽不致凝结而和掺入的气体一起被排除泵外起此作用的阀门称为气镇阀。 Gas Ballast Valve
气体镇流阀
A small hole is opened in the compression chamber of an oil-sealed mechanical vacuum pump, equipped with a regulating valve. When the valve is opened and air intake is adjusted, at a certain rotor position, air enters the compression chamber through the hole to reduce compression ratio, preventing most vapor from condensing and allowing it to be exhausted with the admitted gas. This valve is called the gas ballast valve.
在配备调节阀的油封式机械真空泵的压缩室上,开有一个小孔。当调节阀打开并调节进气量时,在特定的转子位置,空气会通过该小孔进入压缩室,降低压缩比,防止大部分蒸汽冷凝,并使其随吸入的气体一起排出。这个阀门称为气体镇流阀。
28、真空冷冻干燥
真空冷冻干燥,也称升华干燥。其原理是将材料冷冻,使其含有的水份变成冰块,然后在真空下使冰升华而达到干燥目的。 Vacuum Freeze Drying
真空冷冻干燥
Also known as sublimation drying. The principle is to freeze the material, turning its moisture into ice, then sublimate the ice under vacuum to achieve drying.
也称为升华干燥。其原理是将物料冷冻,使其水分转化为冰,然后在真空条件下使冰升华,从而实现干燥。
29、真空蒸镀
在真空环境中,将材料加热并镀到基片上称为真空蒸镀,或叫真空镀膜。 Vacuum Evaporation Coating
真空蒸发镀膜
Heating material in a vacuum environment and depositing it onto a substrate is called vacuum evaporation or vacuum coating.
在真空环境下加热材料并将其沉积到基材上称为真空蒸发或真空镀膜。
30、真空干燥
利用真空环境下沸点低的特点来干燥物品的方法。 Vacuum Drying
真空干燥
A method of drying items utilizing the low boiling point characteristic in a vacuum environment.
一种利用低沸点特性在真空环境下干燥物品的方法。
31、真空系统常用名称
(1)主泵:在真空系统中,用于获得所需要真空度来满足特定工艺要求的真空泵,如真空镀膜机中的油扩散泵就是主泵。
(2)前级泵:用于维持某一真空泵前级压强低于其临界前级压强的真空泵。如罗茨泵前配置的旋片或滑阀泵就是前级泵。
(3)粗抽泵:从大气压下开始抽气,并将系统压力抽到另一真空泵开始工作的真空泵。如真空镀膜机中的滑阀泵,就是粗抽泵。
(4)维持泵:在真空系统中,气量很小时,不能有效地利用前级泵。为此配置一种容量较小的辅助泵来维持主泵工作,此泵叫维持泵。如扩散泵出口处配一台小型旋片泵,就是维持泵。 Common Names in Vacuum Systems
真空系统中的常用名称
(1) Main Pump: In a vacuum system, the vacuum pump used to obtain the required vacuum degree to meet specific process requirements, e.g., the oil diffusion pump in a vacuum coating machine is the main pump.
(1)主泵:在真空系统中,用于获得满足特定工艺要求的所需真空度的真空泵,例如,真空镀膜机中的油扩散泵就是主泵。
(2) Forepump: A vacuum pump used to maintain the foreline pressure of another vacuum pump below its critical foreline pressure, e.g., the rotary vane or slide valve pump configured before a Roots pump is the forepump.
(2)前泵:用于将另一真空泵的前路压力维持在其临界前路压力以下的真空泵,例如,配置在罗茨泵之前的旋转叶片泵或滑阀泵就是前泵。
(3) Roughing Pump: Starts pumping from atmospheric pressure and reduces system pressure to the level where another vacuum pump can start working, e.g., the slide valve pump in a vacuum coating machine is the roughing pump.
(3)粗抽泵:从大气压开始抽气,将系统压力降低到另一个真空泵可以开始工作的水平,例如,真空镀膜机中的滑阀泵就是粗抽泵。
(4) Maintenance Pump: In a vacuum system with very small gas load, the forepump cannot be effectively used. A small auxiliary pump is configured to maintain the main pump operation; this is called the maintenance pump, e.g., a small rotary vane pump at the diffusion pump outlet is the maintenance pump.
(4)维护泵:在气体负荷极小的真空系统中,前级泵无法有效发挥作用。此时,需要配置一台小型辅助泵来维持主泵的运行;这台辅助泵称为维护泵,例如,扩散泵出口处的小型旋片泵就是维护泵。
真空计算公式
Vacuum Calculation Formulas
真空计算公式1、玻义尔定律
体积V,压强P,P·V=常数
一定质量的气体,当温度不变时,气体的压强与气体的体积成反比。
即P1/P2=V2/V1
即 P1/P2=V2/V1Boyle's Law
波义耳定律
Volume V, Pressure P, P·V = constant
体积 V、压力 P、P·V = 常数
For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.
在恒温条件下,对于一定质量的气体,压力与体积成反比。
P1/P2 = V2/V1
2、盖·吕萨克定律
当压强P不变时,一定质量的气体,其体积V与绝对温度T成正比:
V1/V2=T1/T2=常数
当压强不变时,一定质量的气体,温度每升高(或降低)1℃,则它的体积比原来增加(或缩小)1/273。 Gay-Lussac's Law
盖-吕萨克定律
At constant pressure P, for a fixed mass of gas, volume V is proportional to absolute temperature T:
在恒定压力 P 下,对于一定质量的气体,体积 V 与绝对温度 T 成正比:
V1/V2 = T1/T2 = constant
V1/V2 = T1/T2 = 常数
At constant pressure, for a fixed mass of gas, for every 1°C increase (or decrease) in temperature, volume increases (or decreases) by 1/273 of its original value.
在恒定压力下,对于一定质量的气体,温度每升高(或降低)1°C,体积就会增加(或减少)其原始值的 1/273。
3、查理定律
当气体的体积V保持不变,一定质量的气体,压强P与其绝对温度T成正比,即:
P1/P2=T1/T2
在一定的体积下,一定质量的气体,温度每升高(或降低)1℃,它的压强比原来增加(或减少)1/273。 Charles's Law
查理定律
At constant volume V, for a fixed mass of gas, pressure P is proportional to absolute temperature T:
在体积 V 恒定的情况下,对于一定质量的气体,压力 P 与绝对温度 T 成正比:
P1/P2 = T1/T2
At constant volume, for a fixed mass of gas, for every 1°C increase (or decrease) in temperature, pressure increases (or decreases) by 1/273 of its original value.
在体积恒定的情况下,对于一定质量的气体,温度每升高(或降低)1°C,压力就会增加(或减少)其原始值的 1/273。
4、平均自由程:
λ=(5×10^{-3})/P (cm) Mean Free Path:
平均自由程:
λ = (5 × 10^{-3}) / P (cm)
5、抽速:
S=dv/dt (升/秒)或 S=Q/P
Q=流量(托·升/秒) P=压强(托) V=体积(升) t=时间(秒) Pumping Speed:
泵送速度:
S = dV/dt (L/s) or S = Q/P
S = dV/dt (L/s) 或 S = Q/P
Q = flow rate (Torr·L/s) P = pressure (Torr) V = volume (L) t = time (s)
Q = 流量(托·升/秒) P = 压力(托) V = 体积(升) t = 时间(秒)
6、通导:
C=Q/(P2-P1) (升/秒) Conductance:
电导率:
C = Q / (P2 - P1) (L/s)
C = Q / (P2 - P1) (升/秒)
7、真空抽气时间:
对于从大气压到1托抽气时间计算式:
t=8V/S (经验公式)
V为体积,S为抽气速率,通常t在5~10分钟内选择。 Vacuum Pumping Time:
真空抽气时间:
For pumping from atmospheric pressure to 1 Torr:
从大气压抽真空至 1 Torr:
t = 8V/S (empirical formula)
t = 8V/S(经验公式)
V is volume, S is pumping speed; usually t is selected within 5~10 minutes.
V 为体积,S 为泵速;通常 t 选择在 5~10 分钟内。
8、维持泵选择:
S维=S前/10 Maintenance Pump Selection:
维护泵选型:
S_maintenance = S_fore / 10
9、扩散泵抽速估算:
S=3D² (D=直径cm) Diffusion Pump Pumping Speed Estimation:
扩散泵泵速估算:
S = 3D² (D = diameter in cm)
S = 3D²(D = 直径,单位为厘米)
10、罗茨泵的前级抽速:
S=(0.1~0.2)S罗 (l/s)
S=(0.1~0.2)S 罗(l/s)Forepump Speed for Roots Pump:
罗茨泵前泵转速:
S = (0.1~0.2) S_Roots (L/s)
11、漏率:
Q漏=V(P2-P1)/(t2-t1)
Q 漏=V(P2-P1)/(t2-t1)
Q漏-系统漏率(mmHg·l/s)
V-系统容积(l)
P1-真空泵停止时系统中压强(mmHg)
P2-真空室经过时间t后达到的压强(mmHg)
t-压强从P1升到P2经过的时间(s) Leak Rate:
泄漏率:
Q_leak = V(P2 - P1)/(t2 - t1)
Q_leak - system leak rate (mmHg·L/s)
Q_leak - 系统泄漏率 (mmHg·L/s)
V - system volume (L)
V - 系统容积 (升)
P1 - system pressure when vacuum pump is stopped (mmHg)
P1 - 真空泵停止运行时的系统压力(mmHg)
P2 - pressure reached after time t (mmHg)
P2 - 经过时间 t 后达到的压力 (mmHg)
t - time for pressure to rise from P1 to P2 (s)
t - 压力从 P1 上升到 P2 所需的时间(秒)
12、粗抽泵的抽速选择:
S=Q1/P预 (l/s)
S=Q1/P 预(l/s)
S=2.3V·lg(Pa/P预)/t
S=2.3V·lg(Pa/P 预)/t
S-机械泵有效抽速
Q1-真空系统漏气率(托·升/秒)
P预-需要达到的预真空度(托)
V-真空系统容积(升)
t-达到P预时所需要的时间
Pa-大气压值(托) Roughing Pump Speed Selection:
粗抽泵转速选择:
S = Q1 / P_pre (L/s)
S = Q1 / P_pre (升/秒)
S = 2.3V · lg(Pa / P_pre) / t
S = 2.3V lg(Pa / P_pre) / t
S - effective pumping speed of mechanical pump
S——机械泵的有效抽速
Q1 - vacuum system leak rate (Torr·L/s)
Q1 - 真空系统泄漏率 (Torr·L/s)
P_pre - required pre-vacuum degree (Torr)
P_pre - 所需的预真空度(托)
V - vacuum system volume (L)
V - 真空系统容积(升)
t - time required to reach P_pre
t - 达到 P_pre 所需的时间
Pa - atmospheric pressure (Torr)
Pa - 大气压(托)
13、前级泵抽速选择:
排气口压力低于一个大气压的传输泵如扩散泵、油增压泵、罗茨泵、涡轮分子泵等,它们工作时需要前级泵来维持其前级压力低于临界值,选用的前级泵必须能将主泵的最大气体量排走,根据管路中,各截面流量恒等的原则有:
Pn Sg ≥ Pg S 或
Sg ≥ Pg S / Pn
Sg-前级泵的有效抽速(l/s)
Pn-主泵临界前级压强(最大排气压强)(l/s)
Pg-真空室最高工作压强(托)
S-主泵工作时在Pg时的有效抽速。(l/s) Forepump Speed Selection:
前泵转速选择:
For transfer pumps with exhaust pressure below one atmosphere, such as diffusion pumps, oil booster pumps, Roots pumps, turbomolecular pumps, etc., a forepump is needed to maintain foreline pressure below the critical value. The selected forepump must exhaust the maximum gas load of the main pump. Based on constant flow in pipelines:
对于排气压力低于一个大气压的输送泵,例如扩散泵、油增压泵、罗茨泵、涡轮分子泵等,需要前泵来维持前路压力低于临界值。所选的前泵必须能够排出主泵的最大气体负荷。基于管道内的恒定流量:
Pn Sg ≥ Pg S or
Pn Sg ≥ Pg S 或
Sg ≥ Pg S / Pn
Sg - effective pumping speed of forepump (L/s)
Sg - 前泵有效泵速(升/秒)
Pn - critical foreline pressure of main pump (maximum exhaust pressure) (L/s)
Pn - 主泵临界前路压力(最大排气压力)(升/秒)
Pg - maximum working pressure in vacuum chamber (Torr)
Pg - 真空室最大工作压力(托)
S - effective pumping speed of main pump at Pg (L/s)
S - 主泵在压力 Pg 下的有效泵速 (L/s)
14、扩散泵抽速计算公式:
S=Q/P=(K·n)/(P·t)(升/秒)
式中:S-被试泵的抽气速率(l/s)
n-滴管内油柱上升格数(格)
t-油柱上升n格所需要的时间(秒)
P-在泵口附近测得的压强(托)
K-滴管系数(托·升/秒)
K=V0·(L/n)·(Υ0/Υm)+Pa△Vt
其中V0-滴管和真空胶管的原始容积(升)
L-滴管刻度部分的长度(mm)
n-滴管刻度部分的格数(格)
Υ0-油的比重(克/厘米³)
Υm-汞的比重(克/厘米³)
Pa-当地大气压强(托)
△Vt-滴管的刻度上的一格的对应的容积(升/格) Diffusion Pump Pumping Speed Calculation Formula:
扩散泵泵速计算公式:
S = Q/P = (K · n) / (P · t) (L/s)
Where: S - pumping speed of the tested pump (L/s)
其中:S - 被测泵的抽速(升/秒)
n - number of grids the oil column rises in the capillary (grids)
n - 毛细管中油柱上升的网格数(网格)
t - time for oil column to rise n grids (s)
t - 油柱上升 n 个网格所需的时间 (s)
P - pressure measured near the pump inlet (Torr)
P - 泵入口附近测量的压力(托)
K - capillary coefficient (Torr·L/s)
K - 毛细管系数 (Torr·L/s)
K = V0 · (L/n) · (Υ0/Υm) + Pa △Vt
K=V0·(L/n)·(Y0/Ym)+Pa△Vt
Where V0 - original volume of capillary and vacuum hose (L)
其中 V0 为毛细管和真空软管的原始体积(升)
L - length of scaled part of capillary (mm)
L - 毛细管标尺部分的长度(毫米)
n - number of grids on capillary scale (grids)
n - 毛细管尺度上的网格数量(网格)
Υ0 - specific gravity of oil (g/cm³)
Υ0 - 油的比重 (g/cm³)
Υm - specific gravity of mercury (g/cm³)
Υm - 汞的比重 (g/cm³)
Pa - local atmospheric pressure (Torr)
Pa - 当地大气压(托)
△Vt - volume corresponding to one grid on capillary scale (L/grid)
△Vt - 毛细管尺度上一个网格对应的体积(升/网格)
15、旋片真空泵的几何抽速计算公式:
S=πZnLKv(D²-d²)/(24×10⁴) (l/s)
式中:Z为旋片数,n为转速(转/分),L为泵腔长度,D为泵腔直径,d为转子直径(cm),Kv为容积利用系数(一般取95%)。 Geometric Pumping Speed Calculation Formula for Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump:
旋片式真空泵几何抽速计算公式:
S = π Z n L Kv (D² - d²) / (24 × 10⁴) (L/s)
Where: Z - number of vanes, n - rotation speed (rpm), L - pump chamber length, D - pump chamber diameter, d - rotor diameter (cm), Kv - volume utilization coefficient (generally 95%).
其中:Z - 叶片数,n - 转速(rpm),L - 泵腔长度,D - 泵腔直径,d - 转子直径(cm),Kv - 容积利用率(通常为 95%)。
16、O型橡胶槽深B=0.7D
D为橡胶直径,槽宽C=1.6B O-Ring Groove Depth B = 0.7D
O 型圈槽深度 B = 0.7D
D is rubber diameter, groove width C = 1.6B
D 为橡胶直径,沟槽宽度 C = 1.6B
17、方形橡胶槽深B=0.8A
A为方形橡胶边长,槽宽C=1.67B Square Rubber Groove Depth B = 0.8A
方形橡胶槽深度 B = 0.8A
A is side length of square rubber, groove width C = 1.67B
A 为正方形橡胶的边长,凹槽宽度 C = 1.67B